Merge pull request #100 from rubberduck203/master

Fixes #99: Disambiguates VSCode Tasks
Fixes #99 : Disambiguates VSCode Tasks
2020-11-09 12:00:44 +00:00 · 2020-11-09 06:23:51 -05:00 · 2020-10-13 08:49:11 +02:00 · 2020-10-12 23:16:25 -03:00 · 2020-10-04 16:44:04 -03:00 · 2020-10-04 19:55:23 +01:00
37 changed files with 815 additions and 1570 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config
+++ b/.cargo/config
@@ -1,31 +1,40 @@
 [target.thumbv6m-none-eabi]
 runner = 'arm-none-eabi-gdb'
 rustflags = [
  "-C", "link-arg=-Tlink.x",
  "-C", "linker=arm-none-eabi-ld",
  "-Z", "linker-flavor=ld",
 ]
 [target.thumbv7m-none-eabi]
-runner = 'arm-none-eabi-gdb'
+# uncomment this to make `cargo run` execute programs on QEMU
 # runner = "qemu-system-arm -cpu cortex-m3 -machine lm3s6965evb -nographic -semihosting-config enable=on,target=native -kernel"
 [target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "arm", target_os = "none"))']
 # uncomment ONE of these three option to make `cargo run` start a GDB session
 # which option to pick depends on your system
 # runner = "arm-none-eabi-gdb -q -x openocd.gdb"
 # runner = "gdb-multiarch -q -x openocd.gdb"
 # runner = "gdb -q -x openocd.gdb"
 rustflags = [
  # This is needed if your flash or ram addresses are not aligned to 0x10000 in memory.x
  # See https://github.com/rust-embedded/cortex-m-quickstart/pull/95
  "-C", "link-arg=--nmagic",
  # LLD (shipped with the Rust toolchain) is used as the default linker
  "-C", "link-arg=-Tlink.x",
-  "-C", "linker=arm-none-eabi-ld",
+
-  "-Z", "linker-flavor=ld",
+  # if you run into problems with LLD switch to the GNU linker by commenting out
  # this line
  # "-C", "linker=arm-none-eabi-ld",
  # if you need to link to pre-compiled C libraries provided by a C toolchain
  # use GCC as the linker by commenting out both lines above and then
  # uncommenting the three lines below
  # "-C", "linker=arm-none-eabi-gcc",
  # "-C", "link-arg=-Wl,-Tlink.x",
  # "-C", "link-arg=-nostartfiles",
 ]
-[target.thumbv7em-none-eabi]
+[build]
-runner = 'arm-none-eabi-gdb'
+# Pick ONE of these compilation targets
-rustflags = [
+# target = "thumbv6m-none-eabi"        # Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+
-  "-C", "link-arg=-Tlink.x",
+target = "thumbv7m-none-eabi"        # Cortex-M3
-  "-C", "linker=arm-none-eabi-ld",
+# target = "thumbv7em-none-eabi"       # Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M7 (no FPU)
-  "-Z", "linker-flavor=ld",
+# target = "thumbv7em-none-eabihf"     # Cortex-M4F and Cortex-M7F (with FPU)
-]
+# target = "thumbv8m.base-none-eabi"   # Cortex-M23
-
+# target = "thumbv8m.main-none-eabi"   # Cortex-M33 (no FPU)
-[target.thumbv7em-none-eabihf]
+# target = "thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf" # Cortex-M33 (with FPU)
 runner = 'arm-none-eabi-gdb'
 rustflags = [
  "-C", "link-arg=-Tlink.x",
  "-C", "linker=arm-none-eabi-ld",
  "-Z", "linker-flavor=ld",
 ]
--- a/.gdbinit
+++ b/.gdbinit
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 target remote :3333
 monitor arm semihosting enable
 # # send captured ITM to the file itm.fifo
 # # (the microcontroller SWO pin must be connected to the programmer SWO pin)
 # # 8000000 must match the core clock frequency
 # monitor tpiu config internal itm.fifo uart off 8000000
 # # OR: make the microcontroller SWO pin output compatible with UART (8N1)
 # # 2000000 is the frequency of the SWO pin
 # monitor tpiu config external uart off 8000000 2000000
 # # enable ITM port 0
 # monitor itm port 0 on
 load
 step
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
 **/*.rs.bk
 .#*
 .gdb_history
 Cargo.lock
 target/
 # editor files
 .vscode/*
 !.vscode/*.md
 !.vscode/*.svd
 !.vscode/launch.json
 !.vscode/tasks.json
 !.vscode/extensions.json
--- a/.vscode/README.md
+++ b/.vscode/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
 # VS Code Configuration
 Example configurations for debugging programs in-editor with VS Code.  
 This directory contains configurations for two platforms:
 - `LM3S6965EVB` on QEMU
 - `STM32F303x` via OpenOCD
 ## Required Extensions
 If you have the `code` command in your path, you can run the following commands to install the necessary extensions.
 ```sh
 code --install-extension rust-lang.rust
 code --install-extension marus25.cortex-debug
 ```
 Otherwise, you can use the Extensions view to search for and install them, or go directly to their marketplace pages and click the "Install" button.
 - [Rust Language Server (RLS)](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=rust-lang.rust)
 - [Cortex-Debug](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=marus25.cortex-debug)
 ## Use
 The quickstart comes with two debug configurations.
 Both are configured to build the project, using the default settings from `.cargo/config`, prior to starting a debug session.
 1. QEMU: Starts a debug session using an emulation of the `LM3S6965EVB` mcu.
   - This works on a fresh `cargo generate` without modification of any of the settings described above.
   - Semihosting output will be written to the Output view `Adapter Output`.
   - `ITM` logging does not work with QEMU emulation.
 2. OpenOCD: Starts a debug session for a `STM32F3DISCOVERY` board (or any `STM32F303x` running at 8MHz).
   - Follow the instructions above for configuring the build with `.cargo/config` and the `memory.x` linker script.
   - `ITM` output will be written to the Output view `SWO: ITM [port: 0, type: console]` output.
 ### Git
 Files in the `.vscode/` directory are `.gitignore`d by default because many files that may end up in the `.vscode/` directory should not be committed and shared.  
 If you would like to save this debug configuration to your repository and share it with your team, you'll need to explicitly `git add` the files to your repository.
 ```sh
 git add -f .vscode/launch.json
 git add -f .vscode/tasks.json
 git add -f .vscode/*.svd
 ```
 ## Customizing for other targets
 For full documentation, see the [Cortex-Debug][cortex-debug] repository.
 ### Device
 Some configurations use this to automatically find the SVD file.  
 Replace this with the part number for your device.
 ```json
 "device": "STM32F303VCT6",
 ```
 ### OpenOCD Config Files
 The `configFiles` property specifies a list of files to pass to OpenOCD.
 ```json
 "configFiles": [
    "interface/stlink-v2-1.cfg",
    "target/stm32f3x.cfg"
 ],
 ```
 See the [OpenOCD config docs][openocd-config] for more information and the [OpenOCD repository for available configuration files][openocd-repo].
 ### SVD
 The SVD file is a standard way of describing all registers and peripherals of an ARM Cortex-M mCU.  
 Cortex-Debug needs this file to display the current register values for the peripherals on the device.  
 You can probably find the SVD for your device on the vendor's website.  
 For example, the STM32F3DISCOVERY board uses an mcu from the `STM32F303x` line of processors.  
 All the SVD files for the STM32F3 series are available on [ST's Website][stm32f3].  
 Download the [stm32f3 SVD pack][stm32f3-svd], and copy the `STM32F303.svd` file into `.vscode/`.  
 This line of the config tells the Cortex-Debug plug in where to find the file.
 ```json
 "svdFile": "${workspaceRoot}/.vscode/STM32F303.svd",
 ```
 For other processors, simply copy the correct `*.svd` file into the project and update the config accordingly.
 ### CPU Frequency
 If your device is running at a frequency other than 8MHz, you'll need to modify this line of `launch.json` for the `ITM` output to work correctly.
 ```json
 "cpuFrequency": 8000000,
 ```
 ### Other GDB Servers
 For information on setting up GDB servers other than OpenOCD, see the [Cortex-Debug repository][cortex-debug].
 [cortex-debug]: https://github.com/Marus/cortex-debug
 [stm32f3]: https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/products/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32-32-bit-arm-cortex-mcus/stm32-mainstream-mcus/stm32f3-series.html#resource
 [stm32f3-svd]: https://www.st.com/resource/en/svd/stm32f3_svd.zip
 [openocd-config]: http://openocd.org/doc/html/Config-File-Guidelines.html
 [openocd-repo]: https://sourceforge.net/p/openocd/code/ci/master/tree/tcl/
--- a/.vscode/extensions.json
+++ b/.vscode/extensions.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
 {
 	// See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=827846 to learn about workspace recommendations.
 	// Extension identifier format: ${publisher}.${name}. Example: vscode.csharp
 	// List of extensions which should be recommended for users of this workspace.
 	"recommendations": [
 		"rust-lang.rust",
 		"marus25.cortex-debug",
 	],
 	// List of extensions recommended by VS Code that should not be recommended for users of this workspace.
 	"unwantedRecommendations": [
 	]
 }
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
 {
    /* 
     * Requires the Rust Language Server (RLS) and Cortex-Debug extensions
     * https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=rust-lang.rust
     * https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=marus25.cortex-debug
     */
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "type": "cortex-debug",
            "request": "launch",
            "name": "Debug (QEMU)",
            "servertype": "qemu",
            "cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
            "preLaunchTask": "Cargo Build (debug)",
            "runToMain": true,
            "executable": "./target/thumbv7m-none-eabi/debug/{{project-name}}",
            /* Run `cargo build --example hello` and uncomment this line to run semi-hosting example */
            //"executable": "./target/thumbv7m-none-eabi/debug/examples/hello",
            "cpu": "cortex-m3",
            "machine": "lm3s6965evb",
        },
        {
            /* Configuration for the STM32F303 Discovery board */
            "type": "cortex-debug",
            "request": "launch",
            "name": "Debug (OpenOCD)",
            "servertype": "openocd",
            "cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
            "preLaunchTask": "Cargo Build (debug)",
            "runToMain": true,
            "executable": "./target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/{{project-name}}",
            /* Run `cargo build --example itm` and uncomment this line to run itm example */
            // "executable": "./target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/examples/itm",
            "device": "STM32F303VCT6",
            "configFiles": [
                "interface/stlink-v2-1.cfg",
                "target/stm32f3x.cfg"
            ],
            "svdFile": "${workspaceRoot}/.vscode/STM32F303.svd",
            "swoConfig": {
                "enabled": true,
                "cpuFrequency": 8000000,
                "swoFrequency": 2000000,
                "source": "probe",
                "decoders": [
                    { "type": "console", "label": "ITM", "port": 0 }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
 }
--- a/.vscode/tasks.json
+++ b/.vscode/tasks.json
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
 {
    // See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558 
    // for the documentation about the tasks.json format
    "version": "2.0.0",
    "tasks": [
        {
            /*
             * This is the default cargo build task,
             * but we need to provide a label for it,
             * so we can invoke it from the debug launcher.
             */
            "label": "Cargo Build (debug)",
            "type": "process",
            "command": "cargo",
            "args": ["build"],
            "problemMatcher": [
                "$rustc"
            ],
            "group": {
                "kind": "build",
                "isDefault": true
            }
        },
        {
            "label": "Cargo Build (release)",
            "type": "process",
            "command": "cargo",
            "args": ["build", "--release"],
            "problemMatcher": [
                "$rustc"
            ],
            "group": "build"
        },
        {
            "label": "Cargo Build Examples (debug)",
            "type": "process",
            "command": "cargo",
            "args": ["build","--examples"],
            "problemMatcher": [
                "$rustc"
            ],
            "group": "build"
        },
        {
            "label": "Cargo Build Examples (release)",
            "type": "process",
            "command": "cargo",
            "args": ["build","--examples", "--release"],
            "problemMatcher": [
                "$rustc"
            ],
            "group": "build"
        },
        {
            "label": "Cargo Clean",
            "type": "process",
            "command": "cargo",
            "args": ["clean"],
            "problemMatcher": [],
            "group": "build"
        },
    ]
 }
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
 # Change Log
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ## [Unreleased]
 ## [v0.2.1] - 2017-07-14
 ### Added
 - Troubleshooting documentation: how to fix the error of overwriting the
  `.cargo/config` file when you meant to append text to it.
 ### Changed
 - Xargo.toml: Changed the source of the `compiler-builtins` crate from git to
  the `rust-src` component.
 - Expanded the `device` example to do some I/O.
 ## [v0.2.0] - 2017-07-07
 ### Changed
 - [breaking-change] Bumped the cortex-m and cortex-m-rt versions to v0.3.0.
 ## [v0.1.8] - 2017-05-30
 ### Changed
 - Bumped the cortex-m-rt dependency to v0.2.3, and documented the `_stext`
  symbol (see memory.x).
 ## [v0.1.7] - 2017-05-27
 ### Added
 - Documentation and an example about how to use the heap and a dynamic memory
  allocator.
 ### Changed
 - Bumped the `cortex-m-rt` dependency to v0.2.2
 - Bumped the `cortex-m` dependency to v0.2.7
 ## [v0.1.6] - 2017-05-26
 ### Added
 - Set the default runner in .cargo/config to `arm-none-eabi-gdb`. Now `xargo
  run` will build the program and start a debug session.
 ## [v0.1.5] - 2017-05-16
 ### Added
 - A warning about using CARGO_INCREMENTAL to the how to use and the
  troubleshooting sections.
 ## [v0.1.4] - 2017-05-13
 ### Added
 - A dependencies section to the documentation
 ### Changed
 - Extend troubleshooting section
 ## [v0.1.3] - 2017-05-13
 ### Added
 - A troubleshooting section to the documentation
 ### Changed
 - Bumped the cortex-m crate version to v0.2.6
 ## [v0.1.2] - 2017-05-07
 ### Fixed
 - .gdbinit: jump to reset handler after loading the program.
 ## [v0.1.1] - 2017-04-27
 ### Changed
 - Bumped the version of the `cortex-m-rt` dependency to v0.2.0. NOTE that the
  instantiation steps have slightly changed, the `memory.x` file changed,
  because of this.
 ## v0.1.0 - 2017-04-25
 - Initial release
 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.2.0...HEAD
 [v0.2.0]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.8...v0.2.0
 [v0.1.8]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.7...v0.1.8
 [v0.1.7]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.6...v0.1.7
 [v0.1.6]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.5...v0.1.6
 [v0.1.5]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.4...v0.1.5
 [v0.1.4]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.3...v0.1.4
 [v0.1.3]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.2...v0.1.3
 [v0.1.2]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.1...v0.1.2
 [v0.1.1]: https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart/compare/v0.1.0...v0.1.1
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,21 +1,36 @@
 [package]
-authors = ["Jorge Aparicio <jorge@japaric.io>"]
+authors = ["{{authors}}"]
-categories = ["embedded", "no-std"]
+edition = "2018"
-description = "A template for building applications for ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers"
+readme = "README.md"
-keywords = ["arm", "cortex-m", "template"]
+name = "{{project-name}}"
-license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+version = "0.1.0"
 name = "cortex-m-quickstart"
 repository = "https://github.com/japaric/cortex-m-quickstart"
 version = "0.2.1"
 [dependencies]
-cortex-m = "0.3.0"
+cortex-m = "0.6.0"
-cortex-m-semihosting = "0.2.0"
+cortex-m-rt = "0.6.10"
 cortex-m-semihosting = "0.3.3"
 panic-halt = "0.2.0"
-[dependencies.cortex-m-rt]
+# Uncomment for the panic example.
-features = ["abort-on-panic"]
+# panic-itm = "0.4.1"
-version = "0.3.3"
+
 # Uncomment for the allocator example.
 # alloc-cortex-m = "0.4.0"
 # Uncomment for the device example.
 # Update `memory.x`, set target to `thumbv7em-none-eabihf` in `.cargo/config`,
 # and then use `cargo build --examples device` to build it.
 # [dependencies.stm32f3]
 # features = ["stm32f303", "rt"]
 # version = "0.7.1"
 # this lets you use `cargo fix`!
 [[bin]]
 name = "{{project-name}}"
 test = false
 bench = false
 [profile.release]
-debug = true
+codegen-units = 1 # better optimizations
-lto = true
+debug = true # symbols are nice and they don't increase the size on Flash
 lto = true # better optimizations
--- a/201
+++ b/201
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
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   of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
   defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
   incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
   of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
 APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
   To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
   boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
   replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
   the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
   comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
   file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
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 Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at
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 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
--- a/25
+++ b/25
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
 Copyright (c) 2017 {{toml-escape author}}
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
 person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
 documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
 Software without restriction, including without
 limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
 the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
 is furnished to do so, subject to the following
 conditions:
 The above copyright notice and this permission notice
 shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
 of the Software.
 THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
 ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
 TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
 PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
 SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
 OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
 IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,11 +2,115 @@
 > A template for building applications for ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers
-# [Documentation](https://docs.rs/cortex-m-quickstart)
+This project is developed and maintained by the [Cortex-M team][team].
 ## Dependencies
 To build embedded programs using this template you'll need:
 - Rust 1.31, 1.30-beta, nightly-2018-09-13 or a newer toolchain. e.g. `rustup
  default beta`
 - The `cargo generate` subcommand. [Installation
  instructions](https://github.com/ashleygwilliams/cargo-generate#installation).
 - `rust-std` components (pre-compiled `core` crate) for the ARM Cortex-M
  targets. Run:
 ``` console
 $ rustup target add thumbv6m-none-eabi thumbv7m-none-eabi thumbv7em-none-eabi thumbv7em-none-eabihf
 ```
 ## Using this template
 **NOTE**: This is the very short version that only covers building programs. For
 the long version, which additionally covers flashing, running and debugging
 programs, check [the embedded Rust book][book].
 [book]: https://rust-embedded.github.io/book
 0. Before we begin you need to identify some characteristics of the target
  device as these will be used to configure the project:
 - The ARM core. e.g. Cortex-M3.
 - Does the ARM core include an FPU? Cortex-M4**F** and Cortex-M7**F** cores do.
 - How much Flash memory and RAM does the target device has? e.g. 256 KiB of
  Flash and 32 KiB of RAM.
 - Where are Flash memory and RAM mapped in the address space? e.g. RAM is
  commonly located at address `0x2000_0000`.
 You can find this information in the data sheet or the reference manual of your
 device.
 In this example we'll be using the STM32F3DISCOVERY. This board contains an
 STM32F303VCT6 microcontroller. This microcontroller has:
 - A Cortex-M4F core that includes a single precision FPU
 - 256 KiB of Flash located at address 0x0800_0000.
 - 40 KiB of RAM located at address 0x2000_0000. (There's another RAM region but
  for simplicity we'll ignore it).
 1. Instantiate the template.
 ``` console
 $ cargo generate --git https://github.com/rust-embedded/cortex-m-quickstart
 Project Name: app
 Creating project called `app`...
 Done! New project created /tmp/app
 $ cd app
 ```
 2. Set a default compilation target. There are four options as mentioned at the
   bottom of `.cargo/config`. For the STM32F303VCT6, which has a Cortex-M4F
   core, we'll pick the `thumbv7em-none-eabihf` target.
 ``` console
 $ tail -n6 .cargo/config
 ```
 ``` toml
 [build]
 # Pick ONE of these compilation targets
 # target = "thumbv6m-none-eabi"    # Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+
 # target = "thumbv7m-none-eabi"    # Cortex-M3
 # target = "thumbv7em-none-eabi"   # Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M7 (no FPU)
 target = "thumbv7em-none-eabihf" # Cortex-M4F and Cortex-M7F (with FPU)
 ```
 3. Enter the memory region information into the `memory.x` file.
 ``` console
 $ cat memory.x
 /* Linker script for the STM32F303VCT6 */
 MEMORY
 {
  /* NOTE 1 K = 1 KiBi = 1024 bytes */
  FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x08000000, LENGTH = 256K
  RAM : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 40K
 }
 ```
 4. Build the template application or one of the examples.
 ``` console
 $ cargo build
 ```
 ## VS Code
 This template includes launch configurations for debugging CortexM programs with Visual Studio Code located in the `.vscode/` directory.  
 See [.vscode/README.md](./.vscode/README.md) for more information.  
 If you're not using VS Code, you can safely delete the directory from the generated project.
 # License
-Licensed under either of
+This template is licensed under either of
 - Apache License, Version 2.0 ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or
  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
@@ -20,3 +124,12 @@ at your option.
 Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
 for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be
 dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
 ## Code of Conduct
 Contribution to this crate is organized under the terms of the [Rust Code of
 Conduct][CoC], the maintainer of this crate, the [Cortex-M team][team], promises
 to intervene to uphold that code of conduct.
 [CoC]: https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/code-of-conduct
 [team]: https://github.com/rust-embedded/wg#the-cortex-m-team
--- a/Xargo.toml
+++ b/Xargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
 [dependencies.core]
 stage = 0
 [dependencies.compiler_builtins]
 features = ["mem"]
 stage = 1
--- a/build.rs
+++ b/build.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
 //! This build script copies the `memory.x` file from the crate root into
 //! a directory where the linker can always find it at build time.
 //! For many projects this is optional, as the linker always searches the
 //! project root directory -- wherever `Cargo.toml` is. However, if you
 //! are using a workspace or have a more complicated build setup, this
 //! build script becomes required. Additionally, by requesting that
 //! Cargo re-run the build script whenever `memory.x` is changed,
 //! updating `memory.x` ensures a rebuild of the application with the
 //! new memory settings.
 use std::env;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 fn main() {
-    // Put the linker script somewhere the linker can find it
+    // Put `memory.x` in our output directory and ensure it's
    // on the linker search path.
    let out = &PathBuf::from(env::var_os("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
    File::create(out.join("memory.x"))
        .unwrap()
@@ -12,6 +23,9 @@ fn main() {
        .unwrap();
    println!("cargo:rustc-link-search={}", out.display());
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+    // By default, Cargo will re-run a build script whenever
    // any file in the project changes. By specifying `memory.x`
    // here, we ensure the build script is only re-run when
    // `memory.x` is changed.
    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=memory.x");
 }
--- a/examples/allocator.rs
+++ b/examples/allocator.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,6 @@
 //! How to use the heap and a dynamic memory allocator
 //!
-//! To compile this example you'll need to build the collections crate as part
+//! This example depends on the alloc-cortex-m crate so you'll have to add it to your Cargo.toml:
 //! of the Xargo sysroot. To do that change the Xargo.toml file to look like
 //! this:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! [dependencies.core]
 //! stage = 0
 //!
 //! [dependencies.collections] # NEW
 //! stage = 0
 //!
 //! [dependencies.compiler_builtins]
 //! stage = 1
 //! ```
 //!
 //! This example depends on the alloc-cortex-m crate so you'll have to add it
 //! to your Cargo.toml:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! # or edit the Cargo.toml file manually
@@ -25,55 +9,48 @@
 //!
 //! ---
-#[allow(deprecated)]
+#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]
-#![feature(collections)]
+#![no_main]
 #![feature(used)]
 #![no_std]
-// This is the allocator crate; you can use a different one
+extern crate alloc;
-extern crate alloc_cortex_m;
+use panic_halt as _;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate collections;
 extern crate cortex_m;
 extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
-use core::fmt::Write;
+use self::alloc::vec;
 use core::alloc::Layout;
 use alloc_cortex_m::CortexMHeap;
 use cortex_m::asm;
-use cortex_m_semihosting::hio;
+use cortex_m_rt::entry;
 use cortex_m_semihosting::{hprintln, debug};
-fn main() {
+// this is the allocator the application will use
-    // Initialize the allocator
+#[global_allocator]
-    unsafe {
+static ALLOCATOR: CortexMHeap = CortexMHeap::empty();
        extern "C" {
            // Start of the heap
            static mut _sheap: usize;
        }
-        // Size of the heap in words (1 word = 4 bytes)
+const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 1024; // in bytes
        // NOTE The bigger the heap the greater the chance to run into a stack
        // overflow (collision between the stack and the heap)
        const SIZE: isize = 256;
-        // End of the heap
+#[entry]
-        let _eheap = (&mut _sheap as *mut _).offset(SIZE);
+fn main() -> ! {
-
+    // Initialize the allocator BEFORE you use it
-        alloc_cortex_m::init(&mut _sheap, _eheap);
+    unsafe { ALLOCATOR.init(cortex_m_rt::heap_start() as usize, HEAP_SIZE) }
    }
    // Growable array allocated on the heap
    let xs = vec![0, 1, 2];
-    let mut stdout = hio::hstdout().unwrap();
+    hprintln!("{:?}", xs).unwrap();
-    writeln!(stdout, "{:?}", xs).unwrap();
+
    // exit QEMU
    // NOTE do not run this on hardware; it can corrupt OpenOCD state
    debug::exit(debug::EXIT_SUCCESS);
    loop {}
 }
-// As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
+// define what happens in an Out Of Memory (OOM) condition
-#[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
+#[alloc_error_handler]
-#[used]
+fn alloc_error(_layout: Layout) -> ! {
 static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 extern "C" fn default_handler() {
    asm::bkpt();
    loop {}
 }
--- a/examples/crash.rs
+++ b/examples/crash.rs
@@ -1,85 +1,96 @@
 //! Debugging a crash (exception)
 //!
-//! The `cortex-m-rt` crate provides functionality for this through a default
+//! Most crash conditions trigger a hard fault exception, whose handler is defined via
-//! exception handler. When an exception is hit, the default handler will
+//! `exception!(HardFault, ..)`. The `HardFault` handler has access to the exception frame, a
-//! trigger a breakpoint and in this debugging context the stacked registers
+//! snapshot of the CPU registers at the moment of the exception.
 //! are accessible.
 //!
-//! In you run the example below, you'll be able to inspect the state of your
+//! This program crashes and the `HardFault` handler prints to the console the contents of the
-//! program under the debugger using these commands:
+//! `ExceptionFrame` and then triggers a breakpoint. From that breakpoint one can see the backtrace
 //! that led to the exception.
 //!
 //! ``` text
-//! (gdb) # Exception frame = program state during the crash
+//! (gdb) continue
-//! (gdb) print/x *ef
+//! Program received signal SIGTRAP, Trace/breakpoint trap.
-//! $1 = cortex_m::exception::ExceptionFrame {
+//! __bkpt () at asm/bkpt.s:3
-//!   r0 = 0x2fffffff,
+//! 3         bkpt
 //!   r1 = 0x2fffffff,
 //!   r2 = 0x0,
 //!   r3 = 0x0,
 //!   r12 = 0x0,
 //!   lr = 0x8000481,
 //!   pc = 0x8000460,
 //!   xpsr = 0x61000000,
 //! }
 //!
 //! (gdb) # Where did we come from?
 //! (gdb) backtrace
-//! #0  cortex_m_rt::default_handler (ef=0x20004f54) at (..)
+//! #0  __bkpt () at asm/bkpt.s:3
-//! #1  <signal handler called>
+//! #1  0x080030b4 in cortex_m::asm::bkpt () at $$/cortex-m-0.5.0/src/asm.rs:19
-//! #2  0x08000460 in core::ptr::read_volatile<u32> (src=0x2fffffff) at (..)
+//! #2  rust_begin_unwind (args=..., file=..., line=99, col=5) at $$/panic-semihosting-0.2.0/src/lib.rs:87
-//! #3  0x08000480 in crash::main () at examples/crash.rs:68
+//! #3  0x08001d06 in core::panicking::panic_fmt () at libcore/panicking.rs:71
 //! #4  0x080004a6 in crash::hard_fault (ef=0x20004fa0) at examples/crash.rs:99
 //! #5  0x08000548 in UserHardFault (ef=0x20004fa0) at <exception macros>:10
 //! #6  0x0800093a in HardFault () at asm.s:5
 //! Backtrace stopped: previous frame identical to this frame (corrupt stack?)
 //! ```
 //!
-//! (gdb) # Nail down the location of the crash
+//! In the console output one will find the state of the Program Counter (PC) register at the time
-//! (gdb) disassemble/m ef.pc
+//! of the exception.
 //! Dump of assembler code for function core::ptr::read_volatile<u32>:
 //! 408     pub unsafe fn read_volatile<T>(src: *const T) -> T {
 //!    0x08000454 <+0>:     sub     sp, #20
 //!    0x08000456 <+2>:     mov     r1, r0
 //!    0x08000458 <+4>:     str     r0, [sp, #8]
 //!    0x0800045a <+6>:     ldr     r0, [sp, #8]
 //!    0x0800045c <+8>:     str     r0, [sp, #12]
 //!
-//! 409         intrinsics::volatile_load(src)
+//! ``` text
-//!    0x0800045e <+10>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #12]
+//! panicked at 'HardFault at ExceptionFrame {
-//!    0x08000460 <+12>:    ldr     r0, [r0, #0]
+//!     r0: 0x2fffffff,
-//!    0x08000462 <+14>:    str     r0, [sp, #16]
+//!     r1: 0x2fffffff,
-//!    0x08000464 <+16>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #16]
+//!     r2: 0x080051d4,
-//!    0x08000466 <+18>:    str     r1, [sp, #4]
+//!     r3: 0x080051d4,
-//!    0x08000468 <+20>:    str     r0, [sp, #0]
+//!     r12: 0x20000000,
-//!    0x0800046a <+22>:    b.n     0x800046c <core::ptr::read_volatile<u32>+24>
+//!     lr: 0x08000435,
 //!     pc: 0x08000ab6,
 //!     xpsr: 0x61000000
 //! }', examples/crash.rs:106:5
 //! ```
 //!
-//! 410     }
+//! This register contains the address of the instruction that caused the exception. In GDB one can
-//!    0x0800046c <+24>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #0]
+//! disassemble the program around this address to observe the instruction that caused the
-//!    0x0800046e <+26>:    add     sp, #20
+//! exception.
-//!    0x08000470 <+28>:    bx      lr
+//!
 //! ``` text
 //! (gdb) disassemble/m 0x08000ab6
 //! Dump of assembler code for function core::ptr::read_volatile:
 //! 451     pub unsafe fn read_volatile<T>(src: *const T) -> T {
 //!    0x08000aae <+0>:     sub     sp, #16
 //!    0x08000ab0 <+2>:     mov     r1, r0
 //!    0x08000ab2 <+4>:     str     r0, [sp, #8]
 //!
 //! 452         intrinsics::volatile_load(src)
 //!    0x08000ab4 <+6>:     ldr     r0, [sp, #8]
 //! -> 0x08000ab6 <+8>:     ldr     r0, [r0, #0]
 //!    0x08000ab8 <+10>:    str     r0, [sp, #12]
 //!    0x08000aba <+12>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #12]
 //!    0x08000abc <+14>:    str     r1, [sp, #4]
 //!    0x08000abe <+16>:    str     r0, [sp, #0]
 //!    0x08000ac0 <+18>:    b.n     0x8000ac2 <core::ptr::read_volatile+20>
 //!
 //! 453     }
 //!    0x08000ac2 <+20>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #0]
 //!    0x08000ac4 <+22>:    add     sp, #16
 //!    0x08000ac6 <+24>:    bx      lr
 //!
 //! End of assembler dump.
 //! ```
 //!
 //! `ldr r0, [r0, #0]` caused the exception. This instruction tried to load (read) a 32-bit word
 //! from the address stored in the register `r0`. Looking again at the contents of `ExceptionFrame`
 //! we see that the `r0` contained the address `0x2FFF_FFFF` when this instruction was executed.
 //!
 //! ---
-#![feature(used)]
+#![no_main]
 #![no_std]
-extern crate cortex_m;
+use panic_halt as _;
 extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 use core::ptr;
-use cortex_m::asm;
+use cortex_m_rt::entry;
-fn main() {
+#[entry]
-    // Read an invalid memory address
+fn main() -> ! {
    unsafe {
        // read an address outside of the RAM region; this causes a HardFault exception
        ptr::read_volatile(0x2FFF_FFFF as *const u32);
    }
 }
-// As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
+    loop {}
 #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 #[used]
 static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 extern "C" fn default_handler() {
    asm::bkpt();
 }
--- a/examples/device.rs
+++ b/examples/device.rs
@@ -1,93 +1,62 @@
 //! Using a device crate
 //!
-//! Crates generated using [`svd2rust`] are referred to as device crates. These
+//! Crates generated using [`svd2rust`] are referred to as device crates. These crates provide an
-//! crates provides an API to access the peripherals of a device. When you
+//! API to access the peripherals of a device.
 //! depend on one of these crates and the "rt" feature is enabled you don't need
 //! link to the cortex-m-rt crate.
 //!
 //! [`svd2rust`]: https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust
 //!
-//! Device crates also provide an `interrupt!` macro to register interrupt
+//! This example depends on the [`stm32f3`] crate so you'll have to
-//! handlers.
+//! uncomment it in your Cargo.toml.
 //!
-//! This example depends on the [`stm32f103xx`] crate so you'll have to add it
+//! [`stm32f3`]: https://crates.io/crates/stm32f3
 //! to your Cargo.toml.
 //!
 //! [`stm32f103xx`]: https://crates.io/crates/stm32f103xx
 //!
 //! ```
-//! $ edit Cargo.toml && cat $_
+//! $ edit Cargo.toml && tail $_
-//! [dependencies.stm32f103xx]
+//! [dependencies.stm32f3]
-//! features = ["rt"]
+//! features = ["stm32f303", "rt"]
-//! version = "0.7.0"
+//! version = "0.7.1"
 //! ```
 //!
 //! You also need to set the build target to thumbv7em-none-eabihf,
 //! typically by editing `.cargo/config` and uncommenting the relevant target line.
 //!
 //! ---
-#![deny(warnings)]
+#![no_main]
 #![feature(const_fn)]
 #![no_std]
-extern crate cortex_m;
+#[allow(unused_extern_crates)]
-extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
+use panic_halt as _;
 #[macro_use(exception, interrupt)]
 extern crate stm32f103xx;
-use core::cell::RefCell;
+use cortex_m::peripheral::syst::SystClkSource;
-use core::fmt::Write;
+use cortex_m_rt::entry;
 use cortex_m_semihosting::hprint;
 use stm32f3::stm32f303::{interrupt, Interrupt, NVIC};
-use cortex_m::interrupt::{self, Mutex};
+#[entry]
-use cortex_m::peripheral::SystClkSource;
+fn main() -> ! {
-use cortex_m_semihosting::hio::{self, HStdout};
+    let p = cortex_m::Peripherals::take().unwrap();
 use stm32f103xx::Interrupt;
-static HSTDOUT: Mutex<RefCell<Option<HStdout>>> =
+    let mut syst = p.SYST;
-    Mutex::new(RefCell::new(None));
+    let mut nvic = p.NVIC;
-fn main() {
+    nvic.enable(Interrupt::EXTI0);
    interrupt::free(|cs| {
        let hstdout = HSTDOUT.borrow(cs);
        if let Ok(fd) = hio::hstdout() {
            *hstdout.borrow_mut() = Some(fd);
        }
-        let nvic = stm32f103xx::NVIC.borrow(cs);
+    // configure the system timer to wrap around every second
-        nvic.enable(Interrupt::TIM2);
+    syst.set_clock_source(SystClkSource::Core);
    syst.set_reload(8_000_000); // 1s
    syst.enable_counter();
-        let syst = stm32f103xx::SYST.borrow(cs);
+    loop {
-        syst.set_clock_source(SystClkSource::Core);
+        // busy wait until the timer wraps around
-        syst.set_reload(8_000_000); // 1s
+        while !syst.has_wrapped() {}
-        syst.enable_counter();
+
-        syst.enable_interrupt();
+        // trigger the `EXTI0` interrupt
-    });
+        NVIC::pend(Interrupt::EXTI0);
    }
 }
-exception!(SYS_TICK, tick);
+#[interrupt]
-
+fn EXTI0() {
-fn tick() {
+    hprint!(".").unwrap();
    interrupt::free(|cs| {
        let hstdout = HSTDOUT.borrow(cs);
        if let Some(hstdout) = hstdout.borrow_mut().as_mut() {
            writeln!(*hstdout, "Tick").ok();
        }
        let nvic = stm32f103xx::NVIC.borrow(cs);
        nvic.set_pending(Interrupt::TIM2);
    });
 }
 interrupt!(TIM2, tock, locals: {
    tocks: u32 = 0;
 });
 fn tock(l: &mut TIM2::Locals) {
    l.tocks += 1;
    interrupt::free(|cs| {
        let hstdout = HSTDOUT.borrow(cs);
        if let Some(hstdout) = hstdout.borrow_mut().as_mut() {
            writeln!(*hstdout, "Tock ({})", l.tocks).ok();
        }
    });
 }
--- a/examples/exception.rs
+++ b/examples/exception.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
 //! Overriding an exception handler
 //!
 //! You can override an exception handler using the [`#[exception]`][1] attribute.
 //!
 //! [1]: https://rust-embedded.github.io/cortex-m-rt/0.6.1/cortex_m_rt_macros/fn.exception.html
 //!
 //! ---
 #![deny(unsafe_code)]
 #![no_main]
 #![no_std]
 use panic_halt as _;
 use cortex_m::peripheral::syst::SystClkSource;
 use cortex_m::Peripherals;
 use cortex_m_rt::{entry, exception};
 use cortex_m_semihosting::hprint;
 #[entry]
 fn main() -> ! {
    let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();
    let mut syst = p.SYST;
    // configures the system timer to trigger a SysTick exception every second
    syst.set_clock_source(SystClkSource::Core);
    syst.set_reload(8_000_000); // period = 1s
    syst.enable_counter();
    syst.enable_interrupt();
    loop {}
 }
 #[exception]
 fn SysTick() {
    hprint!(".").unwrap();
 }
--- a/examples/hello.rs
+++ b/examples/hello.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,20 @@
-//! Prints "Hello, world!" on the OpenOCD console using semihosting
+//! Prints "Hello, world!" on the host console using semihosting
 //!
 //! ---
-#![feature(used)]
+#![no_main]
 #![no_std]
-extern crate cortex_m;
+use panic_halt as _;
 extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
-use core::fmt::Write;
+use cortex_m_rt::entry;
 use cortex_m_semihosting::{debug, hprintln};
-use cortex_m::asm;
+#[entry]
-use cortex_m_semihosting::hio;
+fn main() -> ! {
    hprintln!("Hello, world!").unwrap();
-fn main() {
+    // exit QEMU
-    let mut stdout = hio::hstdout().unwrap();
+    // NOTE do not run this on hardware; it can corrupt OpenOCD state
-    writeln!(stdout, "Hello, world!").unwrap();
+    debug::exit(debug::EXIT_SUCCESS);
-}
+
-
+    loop {}
 // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 #[used]
 static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 extern "C" fn default_handler() {
    asm::bkpt();
 }
--- a/examples/itm.rs
+++ b/examples/itm.rs
@@ -1,40 +1,33 @@
 //! Sends "Hello, world!" through the ITM port 0
 //!
 //! **IMPORTANT** Not all Cortex-M chips support ITM. You'll have to connect the
 //! microcontroller's SWO pin to the SWD interface. Note that some development
 //! boards don't provide this option.
 //!
 //! ITM is much faster than semihosting. Like 4 orders of magnitude or so.
 //!
-//! You'll need [`itmdump`] to receive the message on the host plus you'll need
+//! **NOTE** Cortex-M0 chips don't support ITM.
 //! to uncomment the `monitor` commands in the `.gdbinit` file.
 //!
-//! [`itmdump`]: https://docs.rs/itm/0.1.1/itm/
+//! You'll have to connect the microcontroller's SWO pin to the SWD interface. Note that some
 //! development boards don't provide this option.
 //!
 //! You'll need [`itmdump`] to receive the message on the host plus you'll need to uncomment two
 //! `monitor` commands in the `.gdbinit` file.
 //!
 //! [`itmdump`]: https://docs.rs/itm/0.2.1/itm/
 //!
 //! ---
-#![feature(used)]
+#![no_main]
 #![no_std]
-#[macro_use]
+use panic_halt as _;
 extern crate cortex_m;
 extern crate cortex_m_rt;
-use cortex_m::{asm, interrupt, peripheral};
+use cortex_m::{iprintln, Peripherals};
 use cortex_m_rt::entry;
-fn main() {
+#[entry]
-    interrupt::free(|cs| {
+fn main() -> ! {
-        let itm = peripheral::ITM.borrow(&cs);
+    let mut p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();
    let stim = &mut p.ITM.stim[0];
-        iprintln!(&itm.stim[0], "Hello, world!");
+    iprintln!(stim, "Hello, world!");
-    });
+
-}
+    loop {}
 // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 #[used]
 static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 extern "C" fn default_handler() {
    asm::bkpt();
 }
--- a/examples/override-exception-handler.rs
+++ b/examples/override-exception-handler.rs
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
 //! Overriding an exception handler
 //!
 //! You can override an exception handler using the [`exception!`][1] macro.
 //!
 //! [1]: https://docs.rs/cortex-m-rt/0.3.2/cortex_m_rt/macro.exception.html
 //!
 //! The default exception handler can be overridden using the
 //! [`default_handler!`][2] macro
 //!
 //! [2]: https://docs.rs/cortex-m-rt/0.3.2/cortex_m_rt/macro.default_handler.html
 //!
 //! ---
 #![feature(used)]
 #![no_std]
 extern crate cortex_m;
 #[macro_use(exception)]
 extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 use core::ptr;
 use cortex_m::asm;
 fn main() {
    unsafe {
        // Invalid memory access
        ptr::read_volatile(0x2FFF_FFFF as *const u32);
    }
 }
 exception!(HARD_FAULT, handler);
 fn handler() {
    // You'll hit this breakpoint rather than the one in cortex-m-rt
    asm::bkpt()
 }
 // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 #[used]
 #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 extern "C" fn default_handler() {
    asm::bkpt();
 }
--- a/examples/panic.rs
+++ b/examples/panic.rs
@@ -1,58 +1,28 @@
-//! Defining the panic handler
+//! Changing the panicking behavior
 //!
-//! The panic handler can be defined through the `panic_fmt` [language item][1].
+//! The easiest way to change the panicking behavior is to use a different [panic handler crate][0].
 //! Make sure that the "abort-on-panic" feature of the cortex-m-rt crate is
 //! disabled to avoid redefining the language item.
 //!
-//! [1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/unstable-book/language-features/lang-items.html
+//! [0]: https://crates.io/keywords/panic-impl
 //!
 //! ---
-#![feature(core_intrinsics)]
+#![no_main]
 #![feature(lang_items)]
 #![feature(used)]
 #![no_std]
-extern crate cortex_m;
+// Pick one of these panic handlers:
 extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
-use core::fmt::Write;
+// `panic!` halts execution; the panic message is ignored
-use core::intrinsics;
+use panic_halt as _;
-use cortex_m::asm;
+// Reports panic messages to the host stderr using semihosting
-use cortex_m_semihosting::hio;
+// NOTE to use this you need to uncomment the `panic-semihosting` dependency in Cargo.toml
 // use panic_semihosting as _;
-fn main() {
+// Logs panic messages using the ITM (Instrumentation Trace Macrocell)
-    panic!("Oops");
+// NOTE to use this you need to uncomment the `panic-itm` dependency in Cargo.toml
-}
+// use panic_itm as _;
-
+
-#[lang = "panic_fmt"]
+use cortex_m_rt::entry;
-#[no_mangle]
+
-unsafe extern "C" fn rust_begin_unwind(
+#[entry]
-    args: core::fmt::Arguments,
+fn main() -> ! {
-    file: &'static str,
+    panic!("Oops")
    line: u32,
    col: u32,
 ) -> ! {
    if let Ok(mut stdout) = hio::hstdout() {
        write!(stdout, "panicked at '")
            .and_then(|_| {
                stdout
                    .write_fmt(args)
                    .and_then(|_| writeln!(stdout, "', {}:{}", file, line))
            })
            .ok();
    }
    intrinsics::abort()
 }
 // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 #[used]
 static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 extern "C" fn default_handler() {
    asm::bkpt();
 }
--- a/examples/test_on_host.rs
+++ b/examples/test_on_host.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
 //! Conditionally compiling tests with std and our executable with no_std.
 //!
 //! Rust's built in unit testing framework requires the standard library,
 //! but we need to build our final executable with no_std.
 //! The testing framework also generates a `main` method, so we need to only use the `#[entry]`
 //! annotation when building our final image.
 //! For more information on why this example works, see this excellent blog post.
 //! https://os.phil-opp.com/unit-testing/
 //!
 //! Running this example:
 //!
 //! Ensure there are no targets specified under `[build]` in `.cargo/config`
 //! In order to make this work, we lose the convenience of having a default target that isn't the
 //! host.
 //!
 //! cargo build --example test_on_host --target thumbv7m-none-eabi
 //! cargo test --example test_on_host
 #![cfg_attr(test, allow(unused_imports))]
 #![cfg_attr(not(test), no_std)]
 #![cfg_attr(not(test), no_main)]
 // pick a panicking behavior
 #[cfg(not(test))]
 use panic_halt as _; // you can put a breakpoint on `rust_begin_unwind` to catch panics
 // use panic_abort as _; // requires nightly
 // use panic_itm as _; // logs messages over ITM; requires ITM support
 // use panic_semihosting as _; // logs messages to the host stderr; requires a debugger
 use cortex_m::asm;
 use cortex_m_rt::entry;
 #[cfg(not(test))]
 #[entry]
 fn main() -> ! {
    asm::nop(); // To not have main optimize to abort in release mode, remove when you add code
    loop {
        // your code goes here
    }
 }
 fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a + b
 }
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
  use super::*;
  #[test]
  fn foo() {
    println!("tests work!");
    assert!(2 == add(1,1));
  }
 }
--- a/gen-examples.sh
+++ b/gen-examples.sh
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
 # Converts the examples in the `examples` directory into documentation in the
 # `examples` module (`src/examples/*.rs`)
 set -ex
 main() {
    local examples=(
        hello
        itm
        panic
        crash
        override-exception-handler
        device
        allocator
    )
    rm -rf src/examples
    mkdir src/examples
    cat >src/examples/mod.rs <<'EOF'
 //! Examples
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
 EOF
    local i=0 out=
    for ex in ${examples[@]}; do
        name=_${i}_${ex//-/_}
        out=src/examples/${name}.rs
        echo "pub mod $name;" >> src/examples/mod.rs
        grep '//!' examples/$ex.rs > $out
        echo '//!' >> $out
        echo '//! ```' >> $out
        grep -v '//!' examples/$ex.rs | (
            IFS=''
            while read line; do
                echo "//! $line" >> $out;
            done
        )
        echo '//! ```' >> $out
        echo '// Auto-generated. Do not modify.' >> $out
        chmod -x $out
        i=$(( i + 1 ))
    done
    chmod -x src/examples/mod.rs
 }
 main
--- a/memory.x
+++ b/memory.x
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 MEMORY
 {
-  /* NOTE K = KiBi = 1024 bytes */
+  /* NOTE 1 K = 1 KiBi = 1024 bytes */
  /* TODO Adjust these memory regions to match your device memory layout */
-  FLASH : ORIGIN = 0xBAAAAAAD, LENGTH = 0K
+  /* These values correspond to the LM3S6965, one of the few devices QEMU can emulate */
-  RAM : ORIGIN = 0xBAAAAAAD, LENGTH = 0K
+  FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x00000000, LENGTH = 256K
  RAM : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 64K
 }
 /* This is where the call stack will be allocated. */
@@ -18,3 +19,16 @@ MEMORY
 /* This is required only on microcontrollers that store some configuration right
   after the vector table */
 /* _stext = ORIGIN(FLASH) + 0x400; */
 /* Example of putting non-initialized variables into custom RAM locations. */
 /* This assumes you have defined a region RAM2 above, and in the Rust
   sources added the attribute `#[link_section = ".ram2bss"]` to the data
   you want to place there. */
 /* Note that the section will not be zero-initialized by the runtime! */
 /* SECTIONS {
     .ram2bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4) {
       *(.ram2bss);
       . = ALIGN(4);
     } > RAM2
   } INSERT AFTER .bss;
 */
--- a/openocd.cfg
+++ b/openocd.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
 # Sample OpenOCD configuration for the STM32F3DISCOVERY development board
 # Depending on the hardware revision you got you'll have to pick ONE of these
 # interfaces. At any time only one interface should be commented out.
 # Revision C (newer revision)
 source [find interface/stlink-v2-1.cfg]
 # Revision A and B (older revisions)
 # source [find interface/stlink-v2.cfg]
 source [find target/stm32f3x.cfg]
--- a/openocd.gdb
+++ b/openocd.gdb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
 target extended-remote :3333
 # print demangled symbols
 set print asm-demangle on
 # set backtrace limit to not have infinite backtrace loops
 set backtrace limit 32
 # detect unhandled exceptions, hard faults and panics
 break DefaultHandler
 break HardFault
 break rust_begin_unwind
 # # run the next few lines so the panic message is printed immediately
 # # the number needs to be adjusted for your panic handler
 # commands $bpnum
 # next 4
 # end
 # *try* to stop at the user entry point (it might be gone due to inlining)
 break main
 monitor arm semihosting enable
 # # send captured ITM to the file itm.fifo
 # # (the microcontroller SWO pin must be connected to the programmer SWO pin)
 # # 8000000 must match the core clock frequency
 # monitor tpiu config internal itm.txt uart off 8000000
 # # OR: make the microcontroller SWO pin output compatible with UART (8N1)
 # # 8000000 must match the core clock frequency
 # # 2000000 is the frequency of the SWO pin
 # monitor tpiu config external uart off 8000000 2000000
 # # enable ITM port 0
 # monitor itm port 0 on
 load
 # start the process but immediately halt the processor
 stepi
--- a/src/examples/_0_hello.rs
+++ b/src/examples/_0_hello.rs
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
 //! Prints "Hello, world!" on the OpenOCD console using semihosting
 //!
 //! ---
 //!
 //! ```
 //! 
 //! #![feature(used)]
 //! #![no_std]
 //! 
 //! extern crate cortex_m;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
 //! 
 //! use core::fmt::Write;
 //! 
 //! use cortex_m::asm;
 //! use cortex_m_semihosting::hio;
 //! 
 //! fn main() {
 //!     let mut stdout = hio::hstdout().unwrap();
 //!     writeln!(stdout, "Hello, world!").unwrap();
 //! }
 //! 
 //! // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 //! #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 //! #[used]
 //! static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 //! 
 //! extern "C" fn default_handler() {
 //!     asm::bkpt();
 //! }
 //! ```
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
--- a/src/examples/_1_itm.rs
+++ b/src/examples/_1_itm.rs
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
 //! Sends "Hello, world!" through the ITM port 0
 //!
 //! **IMPORTANT** Not all Cortex-M chips support ITM. You'll have to connect the
 //! microcontroller's SWO pin to the SWD interface. Note that some development
 //! boards don't provide this option.
 //!
 //! ITM is much faster than semihosting. Like 4 orders of magnitude or so.
 //!
 //! You'll need [`itmdump`] to receive the message on the host plus you'll need
 //! to uncomment the `monitor` commands in the `.gdbinit` file.
 //!
 //! [`itmdump`]: https://docs.rs/itm/0.1.1/itm/
 //!
 //! ---
 //!
 //! ```
 //! 
 //! #![feature(used)]
 //! #![no_std]
 //! 
 //! #[macro_use]
 //! extern crate cortex_m;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 //! 
 //! use cortex_m::{asm, interrupt, peripheral};
 //! 
 //! fn main() {
 //!     interrupt::free(|cs| {
 //!         let itm = peripheral::ITM.borrow(&cs);
 //! 
 //!         iprintln!(&itm.stim[0], "Hello, world!");
 //!     });
 //! }
 //! 
 //! // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 //! #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 //! #[used]
 //! static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 //! 
 //! extern "C" fn default_handler() {
 //!     asm::bkpt();
 //! }
 //! ```
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
--- a/src/examples/_2_panic.rs
+++ b/src/examples/_2_panic.rs
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
 //! Defining the panic handler
 //!
 //! The panic handler can be defined through the `panic_fmt` [language item][1].
 //! Make sure that the "abort-on-panic" feature of the cortex-m-rt crate is
 //! disabled to avoid redefining the language item.
 //!
 //! [1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/unstable-book/language-features/lang-items.html
 //!
 //! ---
 //!
 //! ```
 //! 
 //! #![feature(core_intrinsics)]
 //! #![feature(lang_items)]
 //! #![feature(used)]
 //! #![no_std]
 //! 
 //! extern crate cortex_m;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
 //! 
 //! use core::fmt::Write;
 //! use core::intrinsics;
 //! 
 //! use cortex_m::asm;
 //! use cortex_m_semihosting::hio;
 //! 
 //! fn main() {
 //!     panic!("Oops");
 //! }
 //! 
 //! #[lang = "panic_fmt"]
 //! #[no_mangle]
 //! unsafe extern "C" fn rust_begin_unwind(
 //!     args: core::fmt::Arguments,
 //!     file: &'static str,
 //!     line: u32,
 //!     col: u32,
 //! ) -> ! {
 //!     if let Ok(mut stdout) = hio::hstdout() {
 //!         write!(stdout, "panicked at '")
 //!             .and_then(|_| {
 //!                 stdout
 //!                     .write_fmt(args)
 //!                     .and_then(|_| writeln!(stdout, "', {}:{}", file, line))
 //!             })
 //!             .ok();
 //!     }
 //! 
 //!     intrinsics::abort()
 //! }
 //! 
 //! // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 //! #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 //! #[used]
 //! static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 //! 
 //! extern "C" fn default_handler() {
 //!     asm::bkpt();
 //! }
 //! ```
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
--- a/src/examples/_3_crash.rs
+++ b/src/examples/_3_crash.rs
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
 //! Debugging a crash (exception)
 //!
 //! The `cortex-m-rt` crate provides functionality for this through a default
 //! exception handler. When an exception is hit, the default handler will
 //! trigger a breakpoint and in this debugging context the stacked registers
 //! are accessible.
 //!
 //! In you run the example below, you'll be able to inspect the state of your
 //! program under the debugger using these commands:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! (gdb) # Exception frame = program state during the crash
 //! (gdb) print/x *ef
 //! $1 = cortex_m::exception::ExceptionFrame {
 //!   r0 = 0x2fffffff,
 //!   r1 = 0x2fffffff,
 //!   r2 = 0x0,
 //!   r3 = 0x0,
 //!   r12 = 0x0,
 //!   lr = 0x8000481,
 //!   pc = 0x8000460,
 //!   xpsr = 0x61000000,
 //! }
 //!
 //! (gdb) # Where did we come from?
 //! (gdb) backtrace
 //! #0  cortex_m_rt::default_handler (ef=0x20004f54) at (..)
 //! #1  <signal handler called>
 //! #2  0x08000460 in core::ptr::read_volatile<u32> (src=0x2fffffff) at (..)
 //! #3  0x08000480 in crash::main () at examples/crash.rs:68
 //!
 //! (gdb) # Nail down the location of the crash
 //! (gdb) disassemble/m ef.pc
 //! Dump of assembler code for function core::ptr::read_volatile<u32>:
 //! 408     pub unsafe fn read_volatile<T>(src: *const T) -> T {
 //!    0x08000454 <+0>:     sub     sp, #20
 //!    0x08000456 <+2>:     mov     r1, r0
 //!    0x08000458 <+4>:     str     r0, [sp, #8]
 //!    0x0800045a <+6>:     ldr     r0, [sp, #8]
 //!    0x0800045c <+8>:     str     r0, [sp, #12]
 //!
 //! 409         intrinsics::volatile_load(src)
 //!    0x0800045e <+10>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #12]
 //!    0x08000460 <+12>:    ldr     r0, [r0, #0]
 //!    0x08000462 <+14>:    str     r0, [sp, #16]
 //!    0x08000464 <+16>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #16]
 //!    0x08000466 <+18>:    str     r1, [sp, #4]
 //!    0x08000468 <+20>:    str     r0, [sp, #0]
 //!    0x0800046a <+22>:    b.n     0x800046c <core::ptr::read_volatile<u32>+24>
 //!
 //! 410     }
 //!    0x0800046c <+24>:    ldr     r0, [sp, #0]
 //!    0x0800046e <+26>:    add     sp, #20
 //!    0x08000470 <+28>:    bx      lr
 //!
 //! End of assembler dump.
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ---
 //!
 //! ```
 //! 
 //! #![feature(used)]
 //! #![no_std]
 //! 
 //! extern crate cortex_m;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 //! 
 //! use core::ptr;
 //! 
 //! use cortex_m::asm;
 //! 
 //! fn main() {
 //!     // Read an invalid memory address
 //!     unsafe {
 //!         ptr::read_volatile(0x2FFF_FFFF as *const u32);
 //!     }
 //! }
 //! 
 //! // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 //! #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 //! #[used]
 //! static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 //! 
 //! extern "C" fn default_handler() {
 //!     asm::bkpt();
 //! }
 //! ```
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
--- a/src/examples/_4_override_exception_handler.rs
+++ b/src/examples/_4_override_exception_handler.rs
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
 //! Overriding an exception handler
 //!
 //! You can override an exception handler using the [`exception!`][1] macro.
 //!
 //! [1]: https://docs.rs/cortex-m-rt/0.3.2/cortex_m_rt/macro.exception.html
 //!
 //! The default exception handler can be overridden using the
 //! [`default_handler!`][2] macro
 //!
 //! [2]: https://docs.rs/cortex-m-rt/0.3.2/cortex_m_rt/macro.default_handler.html
 //!
 //! ---
 //!
 //! ```
 //! 
 //! #![feature(used)]
 //! #![no_std]
 //! 
 //! extern crate cortex_m;
 //! #[macro_use(exception)]
 //! extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 //! 
 //! use core::ptr;
 //! 
 //! use cortex_m::asm;
 //! 
 //! fn main() {
 //!     unsafe {
 //!         // Invalid memory access
 //!         ptr::read_volatile(0x2FFF_FFFF as *const u32);
 //!     }
 //! }
 //! 
 //! exception!(HARD_FAULT, handler);
 //! 
 //! fn handler() {
 //!     // You'll hit this breakpoint rather than the one in cortex-m-rt
 //!     asm::bkpt()
 //! }
 //! 
 //! // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 //! #[allow(dead_code)]
 //! #[used]
 //! #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 //! static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 //! 
 //! extern "C" fn default_handler() {
 //!     asm::bkpt();
 //! }
 //! ```
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
--- a/src/examples/_5_device.rs
+++ b/src/examples/_5_device.rs
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
 //! Using a device crate
 //!
 //! Crates generated using [`svd2rust`] are referred to as device crates. These
 //! crates provides an API to access the peripherals of a device. When you
 //! depend on one of these crates and the "rt" feature is enabled you don't need
 //! link to the cortex-m-rt crate.
 //!
 //! [`svd2rust`]: https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust
 //!
 //! Device crates also provide an `interrupt!` macro to register interrupt
 //! handlers.
 //!
 //! This example depends on the [`stm32f103xx`] crate so you'll have to add it
 //! to your Cargo.toml.
 //!
 //! [`stm32f103xx`]: https://crates.io/crates/stm32f103xx
 //!
 //! ```
 //! $ edit Cargo.toml && cat $_
 //! [dependencies.stm32f103xx]
 //! features = ["rt"]
 //! version = "0.7.0"
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ---
 //!
 //! ```
 //! 
 //! #![deny(warnings)]
 //! #![feature(const_fn)]
 //! #![no_std]
 //! 
 //! extern crate cortex_m;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
 //! #[macro_use(exception, interrupt)]
 //! extern crate stm32f103xx;
 //! 
 //! use core::cell::RefCell;
 //! use core::fmt::Write;
 //! 
 //! use cortex_m::interrupt::{self, Mutex};
 //! use cortex_m::peripheral::SystClkSource;
 //! use cortex_m_semihosting::hio::{self, HStdout};
 //! use stm32f103xx::Interrupt;
 //! 
 //! static HSTDOUT: Mutex<RefCell<Option<HStdout>>> =
 //!     Mutex::new(RefCell::new(None));
 //! 
 //! fn main() {
 //!     interrupt::free(|cs| {
 //!         let hstdout = HSTDOUT.borrow(cs);
 //!         if let Ok(fd) = hio::hstdout() {
 //!             *hstdout.borrow_mut() = Some(fd);
 //!         }
 //! 
 //!         let nvic = stm32f103xx::NVIC.borrow(cs);
 //!         nvic.enable(Interrupt::TIM2);
 //! 
 //!         let syst = stm32f103xx::SYST.borrow(cs);
 //!         syst.set_clock_source(SystClkSource::Core);
 //!         syst.set_reload(8_000_000); // 1s
 //!         syst.enable_counter();
 //!         syst.enable_interrupt();
 //!     });
 //! }
 //! 
 //! exception!(SYS_TICK, tick);
 //! 
 //! fn tick() {
 //!     interrupt::free(|cs| {
 //!         let hstdout = HSTDOUT.borrow(cs);
 //!         if let Some(hstdout) = hstdout.borrow_mut().as_mut() {
 //!             writeln!(*hstdout, "Tick").ok();
 //!         }
 //! 
 //!         let nvic = stm32f103xx::NVIC.borrow(cs);
 //! 
 //!         nvic.set_pending(Interrupt::TIM2);
 //!     });
 //! }
 //! 
 //! interrupt!(TIM2, tock, locals: {
 //!     tocks: u32 = 0;
 //! });
 //! 
 //! fn tock(l: &mut TIM2::Locals) {
 //!     l.tocks += 1;
 //! 
 //!     interrupt::free(|cs| {
 //!         let hstdout = HSTDOUT.borrow(cs);
 //!         if let Some(hstdout) = hstdout.borrow_mut().as_mut() {
 //!             writeln!(*hstdout, "Tock ({})", l.tocks).ok();
 //!         }
 //!     });
 //! }
 //! ```
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
--- a/src/examples/_6_allocator.rs
+++ b/src/examples/_6_allocator.rs
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
 //! How to use the heap and a dynamic memory allocator
 //!
 //! To compile this example you'll need to build the collections crate as part
 //! of the Xargo sysroot. To do that change the Xargo.toml file to look like
 //! this:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! [dependencies.core]
 //! stage = 0
 //!
 //! [dependencies.collections] # NEW
 //! stage = 0
 //!
 //! [dependencies.compiler_builtins]
 //! stage = 1
 //! ```
 //!
 //! This example depends on the alloc-cortex-m crate so you'll have to add it
 //! to your Cargo.toml:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! # or edit the Cargo.toml file manually
 //! $ cargo add alloc-cortex-m
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ---
 //!
 //! ```
 //! 
 //! #[allow(deprecated)]
 //! #![feature(collections)]
 //! #![feature(used)]
 //! #![no_std]
 //! 
 //! // This is the allocator crate; you can use a different one
 //! extern crate alloc_cortex_m;
 //! #[macro_use]
 //! extern crate collections;
 //! extern crate cortex_m;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_rt;
 //! extern crate cortex_m_semihosting;
 //! 
 //! use core::fmt::Write;
 //! 
 //! use cortex_m::asm;
 //! use cortex_m_semihosting::hio;
 //! 
 //! fn main() {
 //!     // Initialize the allocator
 //!     unsafe {
 //!         extern "C" {
 //!             // Start of the heap
 //!             static mut _sheap: usize;
 //!         }
 //! 
 //!         // Size of the heap in words (1 word = 4 bytes)
 //!         // NOTE The bigger the heap the greater the chance to run into a stack
 //!         // overflow (collision between the stack and the heap)
 //!         const SIZE: isize = 256;
 //! 
 //!         // End of the heap
 //!         let _eheap = (&mut _sheap as *mut _).offset(SIZE);
 //! 
 //!         alloc_cortex_m::init(&mut _sheap, _eheap);
 //!     }
 //! 
 //!     // Growable array allocated on the heap
 //!     let xs = vec![0, 1, 2];
 //! 
 //!     let mut stdout = hio::hstdout().unwrap();
 //!     writeln!(stdout, "{:?}", xs).unwrap();
 //! }
 //! 
 //! // As we are not using interrupts, we just register a dummy catch all handler
 //! #[link_section = ".vector_table.interrupts"]
 //! #[used]
 //! static INTERRUPTS: [extern "C" fn(); 240] = [default_handler; 240];
 //! 
 //! extern "C" fn default_handler() {
 //!     asm::bkpt();
 //! }
 //! ```
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
--- a/src/examples/mod.rs
+++ b/src/examples/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
 //! Examples
 // Auto-generated. Do not modify.
 pub mod _0_hello;
 pub mod _1_itm;
 pub mod _2_panic;
 pub mod _3_crash;
 pub mod _4_override_exception_handler;
 pub mod _5_device;
 pub mod _6_allocator;
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,316 +0,0 @@
 //! A template for building applications for ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers
 //!
 //! # Dependencies
 //!
 //! - Nightly Rust toolchain: `rustup default nightly`
 //! - ARM linker: `sudo apt-get install binutils-arm-none-eabi`
 //! - Cargo `clone` subcommand: `cargo install cargo-clone`
 //! - GDB: `sudo apt-get install gdb-arm-none-eabi`
 //! - OpenOCD: `sudo apt-get install OpenOCD`
 //! - Xargo: `cargo install xargo`
 //! - [Optional] Cargo `add` subcommand: `cargo install cargo-edit`
 //!
 //! # Usage
 //!
 //! - Clone this crate
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ cargo clone cortex-m-quickstart && cd $_
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Change the crate name, author and version
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ edit Cargo.toml && head $_
 //! [package]
 //! authors = ["Jorge Aparicio <jorge@japaric.io>"]
 //! name = "demo"
 //! version = "0.1.0"
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Specify the memory layout of the target device
 //!
 //! (Note that some board support crates may provide this file for you (check
 //! the crate documentation). If you are using one that does that then remove
 //! *both* the `memory.x` and `build.rs` files.)
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ edit memory.x && cat $_
 //! MEMORY
 //! {
 //!   /* NOTE K = KiBi = 1024 bytes */
 //!   FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x08000000, LENGTH = 256K
 //!   RAM : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 40K
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Optionally, set a default build target
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ cat >>.cargo/config <<'EOF'
 //! [build]
 //! target = "thumbv7em-none-eabihf"
 //! EOF
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Very likely, depend on a device or a BSP (Board Support Package) crate.
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! # add a device crate, or
 //! $ cargo add stm32f103xx
 //!
 //! # add a board support crate
 //! $ cargo add blue-pill --git https://github.com/japaric/blue-pill
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Write the application or start from one of the examples
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ rm -r src/* && cp examples/hello.rs src/main.rs
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Disable incremental compilation. It doesn't work for embedded development.
 //!   You'll hit nonsensical linker errors if you use it.
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ unset CARGO_INCREMENTAL
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Build the application
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! # NOTE this command requires `arm-none-eabi-ld` to be in $PATH
 //! $ xargo build --release
 //!
 //! $ arm-none-eabi-readelf -A target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/release/demo
 //! Attribute Section: aeabi
 //! File Attributes
 //!   Tag_conformance: "2.09"
 //!   Tag_CPU_arch: v7E-M
 //!   Tag_CPU_arch_profile: Microcontroller
 //!   Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-2
 //!   Tag_FP_arch: VFPv4-D16
 //!   Tag_ABI_PCS_GOT_use: direct
 //!   Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed
 //!   Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed
 //!   Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754
 //!   Tag_ABI_align_needed: 8-byte
 //!   Tag_ABI_align_preserved: 8-byte, except leaf SP
 //!   Tag_ABI_HardFP_use: SP only
 //!   Tag_ABI_VFP_args: VFP registers
 //!   Tag_ABI_optimization_goals: Aggressive Speed
 //!   Tag_CPU_unaligned_access: v6
 //!   Tag_FP_HP_extension: Allowed
 //!   Tag_ABI_FP_16bit_format: IEEE 754
 //! ```
 //!
 //! - Flash the program
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! # Launch OpenOCD on a terminal
 //! $ openocd -f (..)
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! # Start a debug session in another terminal
 //! $ arm-none-eabi-gdb target/..
 //! ```
 //!
 //! **NOTE** As of nightly-2017-05-14 or so and cortex-m-quickstart v0.1.6 you
 //! can simply run `cargo run` or `cargo run --example $example` to build the
 //! program, and immediately start a debug session. IOW, it lets you omit the
 //! `arm-none-eabi-gdb` command.
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ cargo run --example hello
 //! > # drops you into a GDB session
 //! ```
 //!
 //! # Examples
 //!
 //! Check the [examples module](./examples/index.html)
 //!
 //! # Troubleshooting
 //!
 //! This section contains fixes for common errors encountered when the
 //! `cortex-m-quickstart` template is misused.
 //!
 //! ## Forgot to launch an OpenOCD instance
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ arm-none-eabi-gdb target/..
 //! Reading symbols from hello...done.
 //! .gdbinit:1: Error in sourced command file:
 //! :3333: Connection timed out.
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: Launch OpenOCD on other terminal. See [Usage] section.
 //!
 //! [Usage]: ./index.html#usage
 //!
 //! ## Didn't modify the `memory.x` linker script
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ xargo build
 //! Compiling demo v0.1.0 (file:///home/japaric/tmp/demo)
 //! error: linking with `arm-none-eabi-ld` failed: exit code: 1
 //! |
 //! = note: "arm-none-eabi-ld" "-L" (..)
 //! = note: arm-none-eabi-ld: address 0xbaaab838 of hello section `.text' is ..
 //! arm-none-eabi-ld: address 0xbaaab838 of hello section `.text' is ..
 //! arm-none-eabi-ld:
 //! Invalid '.rodata.exceptions' section.
 //! Make sure to place a static with type `cortex_m::exception::Handlers`
 //! in that section (cf. #[link_section]) ONLY ONCE.
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: Specify your device memory layout in the `memory.x` linker script.
 //! See [Usage] section.
 //!
 //! ## Forgot to set a default build target
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ xargo build
 //! (..)
 //! Compiling cortex-m-semihosting v0.1.3
 //! error[E0463]: can't find crate for `std`
 //!
 //! error: aborting due to previous error
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: Set a default build target in the `.cargo/config` file
 //! (see [Usage] section), or call Xargo with `--target` flag:
 //! `xargo build --target thumbv7em-none-eabi`.
 //!
 //! ## Overwrote the original `.cargo/config` file
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! error: linking with `arm-none-eabi-gcc` failed: exit code: 1
 //!   |
 //!   = note: (..)
 //! (..)
 //! (..)/crt0.o: In function `_start':
 //! (.text+0x90): undefined reference to `memset'
 //! (..)/crt0.o: In function `_start':
 //! (.text+0xd0): undefined reference to `atexit'
 //! (..)/crt0.o: In function `_start':
 //! (.text+0xd4): undefined reference to `__libc_init_array'
 //! (..)/crt0.o: In function `_start':
 //! (.text+0xe4): undefined reference to `exit'
 //! (..)/crt0.o: In function `_start':
 //! (.text+0x100): undefined reference to `__libc_fini_array'
 //! collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: You probably overwrote the original `.cargo/config` instead of
 //! appending the default build target (e.g. `cat >` instead of `cat >>`). The
 //! less error prone way to fix this is to remove the `.cargo` directory, clone
 //! a new copy of the template and then copy the `.cargo` directory from that
 //! fresh template into your current project. Don't forget to *append* the
 //! default build target to `.cargo/config`.
 //!
 //! ## Called OpenOCD with wrong arguments
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ openocd -f ..
 //! (..)
 //! Error: open failed
 //! in procedure 'init'
 //! in procedure 'ocd_bouncer'
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: Correct the OpenOCD arguments. Check the
 //! `/usr/share/openocd/scripts` directory (exact location varies per
 //! distribution / OS) for a list of scripts that can be used.
 //!
 //! ## Used Cargo instead of Xargo
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ cargo build
 //! Compiling cortex-m-rt v0.2.0
 //! error[E0463]: can't find crate for `core`
 //! |
 //! = note: the `thumbv7em-none-eabihf` target may not be installed
 //!
 //! error: aborting due to previous error
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: Use `xargo build`.
 //!
 //! ## Used the stable toolchain
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ xargo build
 //! error: failed to run `rustc` to learn about target-specific information
 //!
 //! To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: Switch to the nightly toolchain with `rustup default nightly`.
 //!
 //! ## Used `CARGO_INCREMENTAL=1`
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ xargo build
 //! error: linking with `arm-none-eabi-ld` failed: exit code: 1
 //!     |
 //! = note: "arm-none-eabi-ld" (..)
 //!     = note: arm-none-eabi-ld:
 //! You must specify the exception handlers.
 //!     Create a non `pub` static variable with type
 //!     `cortex_m::exception::Handlers` and place it in the
 //!     '.rodata.exceptions' section. (cf. #[link_section]). Apply the
 //!     `#[used]` attribute to the variable to make it reach the linker.
 //!     arm-none-eabi-ld:
 //! Invalid '.rodata.exceptions' section.
 //!     Make sure to place a static with type `cortex_m::exception::Handlers`
 //!     in that section (cf. #[link_section]) ONLY ONCE.
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: `$ unset CARGO_INCREMENAL`. And to be on the safe side, call
 //! `cargo clean` and thrash the Xargo sysroot: `$ rm -rf ~/.xargo`
 //!
 //! ## Used `gdb` instead of `arm-none-eabi-gdb`
 //!
 //! Error message:
 //!
 //! ``` text
 //! $ gdb target/..
 //! Reading symbols from hello...done.
 //! warning: Architecture rejected target-supplied description
 //! warning: Cannot convert floating-point register value to ..
 //! value has been optimized out
 //! Cannot write the dashboard
 //! Traceback (most recent call last):
 //! File "<string>", line 353, in render
 //! File "<string>", line 846, in lines
 //! gdb.error: Frame is invalid.
 //! 0x00000000 in ?? ()
 //! semihosting is enabled
 //! Loading section .text, size 0xd88 lma 0x8000000
 //! Start address 0x8000000, load size 3464
 //! .gdbinit:6: Error in sourced command file:
 //! Remote connection closed
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Solution: Use `arm-none-eabi-gdb target/..`
 #![no_std]
 pub mod examples;
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
 // pick a panicking behavior
 use panic_halt as _; // you can put a breakpoint on `rust_begin_unwind` to catch panics
 // use panic_abort as _; // requires nightly
 // use panic_itm as _; // logs messages over ITM; requires ITM support
 // use panic_semihosting as _; // logs messages to the host stderr; requires a debugger
 use cortex_m::asm;
 use cortex_m_rt::entry;
 #[entry]
 fn main() -> ! {
    asm::nop(); // To not have main optimize to abort in release mode, remove when you add code
    loop {
        // your code goes here
    }
 }