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<ol class="chapter"><li class="affix"><a href="../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="affix"><a href="../background/index.html">Background</a></li><li class="affix"><a href="../requirements/index.html">Requirements</a></li><li><a href="../hardware/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Meet your hardware</a></li><li><a href="../setup/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Development environment setup</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../setup/LINUX.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><a href="../setup/WINDOWS.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Windows</a></li><li><a href="../setup/MACOS.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> macOS</a></li><li><a href="../setup/VERIFY.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Verify the installation</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../getting-started/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Getting started</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../getting-started/01.00.BUILD.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Building</a></li><li><a href="../getting-started/02.00.FLASH.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Flashing</a></li><li><a href="../getting-started/03.00.DEBUG.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Debugging</a></li><li><a href="../getting-started/04.00.SOLUTION.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Solution</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../hello-world/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Hello world</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../hello-world/01.00.SEMIHOSTING.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Semihosting</a></li><li><a href="../hello-world/02.00.UART.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Serial communication</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../hello-world/02.01.NIX.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.1.</strong> *nix</a></li><li><a href="../hello-world/02.02.WINDOWS.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.2.</strong> Windows</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../hello-world/03.00.LED.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> GPIO and LEDs</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../hello-world/03.01.SOLUTION.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.1.</strong> Solution</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><a href="../choice/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Choose Your Own Adventure</a></li><li><a href="../microbit/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> micro:bit HAL basics</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../microbit/01.00.BUTTONS.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Buttons</a></li><li><a href="../microbit/02.00.DELAY.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Delays</a></li><li><a href="../microbit/03.00.DISPLAY.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Display</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../serial/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Serial UART - Blocking</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../serial/01.00.ECHO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Echo Server</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../serial/01.01.THEORY.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.1.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><a href="../serial/01.02.ECHO.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.2.</strong> Solution</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../serial/02.00.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Exercises</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../serial/02.01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.1.</strong> Reverse echo</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../serial/02.01.SOLUTION.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.1.1.</strong> Solution</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../serial/02.02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.2.</strong> Countdown</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../serial/02.02.SOLUTION.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.2.1.</strong> Solution</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../serial/02.04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.3.</strong> Quiz</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../serial/02.04.SOLUTION.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.3.1.</strong> Solution</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><a href="../display/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> LED display</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../display/01.00.THEORY.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><a href="../display/02.00.PROBLEM.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Problem</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../display/02.01.LAYOUT.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.1.</strong> Layout</a></li><li><a href="../display/02.02.DELAY.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.2.</strong> Delays</a></li><li><a href="../display/02.03.MULT.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.3.</strong> Multiplexing</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../display/03.00.SOLUTION.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Solution</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../display/03.01.LAYOUT.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.1.</strong> Layout</a></li><li><a href="../display/03.02.MULT.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.2.</strong> Multiplexing</a></li><li><a href="../display/03.03.FULL.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.3.</strong> Full Solution</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li><a href="../sensors/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> WIP - Sensors and I²C</a></li><li><a href="../nb/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> WIP - Non-blocking</a></li><li><a href="../nb/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> WIP - Interrupts</a></li><li><a href="../rtfm/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> WIP - Real time</a></li><li><a href="../hal/00.00.README.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> WIP - Creating a HAL</a></li><li class="affix"><a href="../appendix/explore.html">Explore</a></li><li class="affix"><a href="../appendix/gdb.html">GDB cheatsheet</a></li><li class="affix"><a href="../appendix/troubleshooting.html">General troubleshooting</a></li></ol>
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<main>
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<a class="header" href="#debugging" id="debugging"><h1>Debugging</h1></a>
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<a class="header" href="#setup" id="setup"><h2>Setup</h2></a>
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<p>Before we start, let's add some code to debug:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">// -- snip --
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entry!(main);
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fn main() -> ! {
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let _y;
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let x = 42;
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_y = x;
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loop {}
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<a class="header" href="#gdb-session" id="gdb-session"><h2>GDB session</h2></a>
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<p>We are already inside a debugging session so let's debug our program.</p>
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<p>After the <code>load</code> command, our program is stopped at its <em>entry point</em>. This is indicated by the
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"Start address 0x8000XXX" part of GDB's output. The entry point is the part of a program that a
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processor / CPU will execute first.</p>
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<p>The starter project I've provided to you has some extra code that runs <em>before</em> the <code>main</code> function.
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At this time, we are not interested in that "pre-main" part so let's skip right to the beginning of
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the <code>main</code> function. We'll do that using a breakpoint:</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) break rustled::main
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Breakpoint 1 at 0x8000218: file src/main.rs, line 8.
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(gdb) continue
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Continuing.
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Note: automatically using hardware breakpoints for read-only addresses.
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Breakpoint 1, rustled::main () at src/rustled/src/main.rs:13
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13 let x = 42;
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</code></pre>
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<p>Breakpoints can be used to stop the normal flow of a program.
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The <code>continue</code> command will let the program run freely <em>until</em> it reaches a breakpoint.
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In this case, until it reaches the <code>main</code> function because there's a breakpoint there.</p>
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<p>Note that GDB output says "Breakpoint 1".
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Remember that our processor can only use four of these
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breakpoints so it's a good idea to pay attention to these messages.</p>
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<p>For a nicer debugging experience, we'll be using GDB's Text User Interface (TUI).
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To enter into that mode, on the GDB shell enter the following command:</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) layout src
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</code></pre>
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<blockquote>
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<p><strong>NOTE</strong> Apologies Windows users.
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The GDB shipped with the GNU ARM Embedded Toolchain doesn't support this TUI mode <code>:(</code>.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>At any point you can leave the TUI mode using the following command:</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) tui disable
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</code></pre>
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<p>OK. We are now at the beginning of <code>main</code>.
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We can advance the program statement by statement using the <code>step</code> command.
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So let's use that twice to reach the <code>y = x</code> statement.
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Once you've typed <code>step</code> once you can just hit enter to run it again.</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) step
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14 _y = x;
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</code></pre>
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<p>If you are not using the TUI mode,
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on each <code>step</code> call GDB will print back the current statement along with its line number.</p>
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<p>We are now "on" the <code>y = x</code> statement; that statement hasn't been executed yet. This means that <code>x</code>
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is initialized but <code>y</code> is not. Let's inspect those stack/local variables using the <code>print</code> command:</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) print x
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$1 = 42
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(gdb) print &x
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$2 = (i32 *) 0x10001fdc
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(gdb) print _y
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$3 = 134219052
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(gdb) print &_y
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$4 = (i32 *) 0x10001fd8
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</code></pre>
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<p>As expected, <code>x</code> contains the value <code>42</code>.
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<code>_y</code> however, contains the value <code>134219052</code> (?).
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Because <code>_y</code> has not been initialized yet, it contains some garbage value.</p>
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<p>The command <code>print &x</code> prints the address of the variable <code>x</code>.
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The interesting bit here is that GDB output shows the type of the reference:
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<code>i32*</code>, a pointer to an <code>i32</code> value.
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Another interesting thing is that the addresses of <code>x</code> and <code>_y</code> are very close to each other:
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their addresses are just <code>4</code> bytes apart.</p>
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<p>Instead of printing the local variables one by one, you can also use the <code>info locals</code> command:</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) info locals
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x = 42
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_y = 134219052
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</code></pre>
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<p>OK. With another <code>step</code>, we'll be on top of the <code>loop {}</code> statement:</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) step
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17 loop {}
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</code></pre>
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<p>And <code>_y</code> should now be initialized.</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) print _y
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$5 = 42
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</code></pre>
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<p>If we use <code>step</code> again on top of the <code>loop {}</code> statement, we'll get stuck because the program will
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never pass that statement. Instead, we'll switch to the disassemble view with the <code>layout asm</code>
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command and advance one instruction at a time using <code>stepi</code>.</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p><strong>NOTE</strong> If you used the <code>step</code> command by mistake and GDB got stuck, you can get unstuck by hitting <code>Ctrl+C</code>.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<pre><code>(gdb) layout asm
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</code></pre>
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<p>If you are not using the TUI mode,
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you can use the <code>disassemble /m</code> command to disassemble the program around the line you are currently at.</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) disassemble /m
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Dump of assembler code for function led_roulette::main:
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11 fn main() -> ! {
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0x08000188 <+0>: sub sp, #8
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12 let _y;
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13 let x = 42;
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0x0800018a <+2>: movs r0, #42 ; 0x2a
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0x0800018c <+4>: str r0, [sp, #4]
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14 _y = x;
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0x0800018e <+6>: ldr r0, [sp, #4]
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0x08000190 <+8>: str r0, [sp, #0]
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15
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16 // infinite loop; just so we don't leave this stack frame
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17 loop {}
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=> 0x08000192 <+10>: b.n 0x8000194 <led_roulette::main+12>
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0x08000194 <+12>: b.n 0x8000194 <led_roulette::main+12>
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End of assembler dump.
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</code></pre>
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<p>See the fat arrow <code>=></code> on the left side? It shows the instruction the processor will execute next.</p>
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<p>If not inside the TUI mode on each <code>stepi</code> command GDB will print the statement,
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the line number <em>and</em> the address of the instruction the processor will execute next.</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) stepi
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0x08000194 17 loop {}
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(gdb) stepi
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0x08000194 17 loop {}
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</code></pre>
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<p>One last trick before we move to something more interesting.
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Enter the following commands into GDB:</p>
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<pre><code>(gdb) monitor reset halt
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Unable to match requested speed 1000 kHz, using 950 kHz
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Unable to match requested speed 1000 kHz, using 950 kHz
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adapter speed: 950 kHz
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target halted due to debug-request, current mode: Thread
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xPSR: 0x01000000 pc: 0x08000188 msp: 0x10002000
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(gdb) continue
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Continuing.
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Breakpoint 1, led_roulette::main () at src/main.rs:8
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8 let x = 42;
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</code></pre>
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<p>We are now back at the beginning of <code>main</code>!</p>
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<p><code>monitor reset halt</code> will reset the microcontroller and stop it right at the program entry point.
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The following <code>continue</code> command will let the program run freely until it reaches the <code>main</code> function that has a breakpoint on it.</p>
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<p>This combo is handy when you, by mistake,
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skipped over a part of the program that you were interested in inspecting.
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You can easily roll back the state of your program back to its very beginning.</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p><strong>The fine print</strong>: This <code>reset</code> command doesn't clear or touch RAM.
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That memory will retain its values from the previous run.
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That shouldn't be a problem though, unless your program behavior depends of the value of <em>uninitialized</em> variables,
|
|
but that's the definition of <em>undefined behavior</em> (UB).</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<p>We are done with this debug session. You can end it with the <code>quit</code> command.</p>
|
|
<pre><code>(gdb) quit
|
|
A debugging session is active.
|
|
|
|
Inferior 1 [Remote target] will be detached.
|
|
|
|
Quit anyway? (y or n) y
|
|
Detaching from program: $PWD/target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/led-roulette, Remote target
|
|
Ending remote debugging.
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p><strong>NOTE</strong> If the default GDB CLI is not to your liking check out <a href="https://github.com/cyrus-and/gdb-dashboard#gdb-dashboard">gdb-dashboard</a>.
|
|
It uses Python to turn the default GDB CLI into a dashboard that shows registers,
|
|
the source view, the assembly view and other things.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<p>Don't close OpenOCD though! We'll use it again and again later on. It's better
|
|
just to leave it running.</p>
|
|
<a class="header" href="#what-next" id="what-next"><h2>What next?</h2></a>
|
|
<p>In the next chapter we will learn
|
|
how to send messages from the micro:bit to your computer,
|
|
as well as howt to control the HAL GPIO.</p>
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